Who are these people?

 The NY Times has a piece written by a psychologist. Now I have taken one psych course in all my decades of academic pursuit and in my opinion this craft is not science. At best it is some amalgam of various tests from whence global assertions arise. The author asserts:

Data centers should be held to the same environmental standards as any other project. However, according to the researcher Andy Masley, giving up a lifetime of interacting with large language models would make a negligible difference in emissions compared with avoiding one trans-Atlantic flight or switching to a hybrid car. By his estimates, sending a prompt to ChatGPT is about as carbon-intensive as running a clothes dryer for a single second. Communities have long tolerated wasteful projects that take up tons of space, consume lots of natural resources and serve the whims of wealthier people. They’re called golf courses and backyards. The 14,000 golf courses across the United States used nearly 550 billion gallons of water in 2020, and the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that Americans use over three trillion gallons of water on “landscape irrigation” each year. No one knows for sure how much water data centers use in total. One reasonable estimate from Brian Potter at the Institute for Progress put it at about 100 billion gallons in 2023. Even if the number of data centers increases tenfold, we may still end up using less water on artificial intelligence than we use to keep our grass springy.

Unlike the author I am on the one hand an engineer and on the other somewhat expert in medicine. I have studies water tables and the like, sound levels and their negative effects on humans and finally power systems and usage and related pollution. 

Data Centers violate all norms in these three areas. 

This author appears in my opinion to be one of these leftists who want everyone to live in NYCHA housing and have no back yards. Now I do not play golf, but am surrounded by golf courses. Input minus output is net accumulation. Rain and watering are inputs, watering and human use if output. Golf courses have excellent percolation, namely what comes out goes back in, less evaporation. But evaporation is made up by rainfall.

 These arguments are regurgitation of climate fears. but now in defense of massive structures using water, emitting noise and devouring electricity. In my opinion it is not worth listening to psychologists!

 

 

Dialog: A Beginning

 The NY Times obituary today announced the passing of Roger Summit, the founder of Dialog, the first on line search entity. I remember Roger quite well. I was a Group President at Warner Communications in charge of their Electronic Home Services Division. My wife worked for Roger out of the New York Office so I saw first hand how it worked. She had a luggable TI terminal with a 1500 baud modem. She had been doing Dialog searches for a decade by the early 70s when she worked with me at MIT so I knew Dialog quite well.

In 1983 I met with Roger and tried to convince him to expand his service to the consumer market. I saw his data base engine and operational capabilities as an asset in my Warner system. I recall driving up to the end of Sand Hill Road, atop a major fault line and there was Roger's place. I guessed after a meeting that Roger did not see consumers ever being a market, and indeed in 1983 so did a lot of people. Yet at the time we had gotten retail stores, travel agencies, hotels, banks, and even on line gambling! 

 

Roger was a visionary and he was fortunate at the time to have Lockheed financial support. Unlike today's venture companies, Roger was in the DoD world of start ups, great technology but no billionaires. He was also limited by the Bell System slow data rates. 1500 baud was a result of Bell System design. Thankfully the system was broken up, otherwise we would never have the information revolution we have today.

Roger should be remembered as the genius who started on line searching and making it a reality. Pity we were too early in the consumer space! 

Counter Force, Counter Value

 

Back in the 70s when I spent time on the Comprehensive Treaty Negotiations seconded to ACDA, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, we had concepts of nuclear war such as counter force and counter value. 

The enemy could have a counter force attack, one targeting airfields, silos,  manufacturing, military bases. Or they could have counter value, attacking civilians. Think Dresden and Hiroshima. The intent of counter force was to cripple the enemy's ability to continue to fight by suppressing their weapons. The intent of counter value was massive civilian destruction reducing the moral of the enemy and forcing surrender.

Counter force often had limited value. Counter value was massive human destruction, and the elimination of the will to fight. 

As I noted, Dresden was just such in Germany a case of counter value, as was almost all of the strategic bombing.  Hiroshima was a sine qua non of counter value in Japan. It led to the unconditional surrender of Japan.

Counter force attacks can go on forever. Counter value attacks can be short lived but are potentially morally questionable. 

Thus in the current war with Iran one must ask which strategy to deploy. So far it is just counter force. Is there room for another strategy> 

Data Centers: To Have or Have Not?

 We will attempt to examine data centers, those physical entities which are composed principally computer servers. I have heard some TV financial news reader prognosticate on date centers. It was clear that he was totally clueless. He was eschewing the New York ban. Of course whatever he said had no basis in reality. He was saying there would be tens of thousands of data centers, of millions of square feet each. Just a side note: if there are tens of thousands of data centers each using 10 GW of power that would be 100,000 GW needed. Now as a note, the US today uses 1,400 GW of power[1]. We would need nearly 100 times more than what the US uses this very day! And this guy is some alleged financial genius!

1         Definition

If one seeks to address the issue of data centers one must first define what they are. A typical data center is a massive physical facility which principally is composed of thousands of computer servers. In addition there are inputs and outputs of fiber optic data lines. In the servers or adjuncts to them are massive amounts of memory.

The data center hardware demands massive amount of electrical power, often well into the Giga watt levels. The power may be externally provided or self-provided. The power must have significant redundancy, so that if one source fails an instant switch to a secondary source can be made. Maintenance is a critical factor for with thousands of servers and millions of terabits of date anticipated failures demanding human interface as well as replacements must be available.

The data center also demands massive cooling. The GW input creates and similar amount of heat. Thus cooling is critical and may be accomplished by some balance of water cooling and air conditioning. The latter demands even more power and it can become a deadly circle.

The data center demands massive areas of land. Often in millions of square feet. Inside these massive plants, besides power and computers is billions of mile of interconnection.

Needless to say they also consume computers and memory. More of both than is contemplated in today’s manufacturing world.

2         Disadvantages

Water: Water is used for cooling. Leaving aside the overall thermodynamic issues, massive amounts of water are needed. This is often from the aquifer. It takes drinking water away from humans. Worse, the massive areas covers by the centers means rainfall does not get to percolate down to refill the aquifers! That means a death spiral for water table stability.

Power: From whence do these entities get the power demanded. They can build their own systems which consume massive amounts of hydrocarbons, with the ensuing sequellae, or they purchase from the grid, which is neither prepared for such distribution nor priced so as to not over price consumer services. The devil is in the details, and as best as possible, they have failed to examine these.

Noise: Running computers and environment systems, not to mention power systems creates massive amounts of noise. Noise is both aggravating but it can cause significant harm to individuals. No one has yet to measure these effects but alas they may be the dominant factor in harm.

Pollution: All of the above result in increased pollution.

Traffic: These facilities demand human interaction. Thus significant increases in traffic and resulting negative effects will ensue.

Abandonment: Finally, as history has shown, all too often the initial exuberance and build outs are excessive resulting in bankruptcies and abandonment of facilities. This means buildings and equipment left to rot on viable land, pollution resulting from the toxic materials used in the facilities, and loss of value to the land and local environment.

3         Needs

It is worth considering the actual needs for such facilities and systems. Currently we have an almost faddish use by many. No real economic need has been demonstrated. If one were to compare this to the deployment of PCs or of the Internet, in those cases immediate economic value was provided. However with AI to the consumer, there are lots of gimmicks but no clear value. Would one trust AI to be my medical provider? Hardly. Would I trust it to be my accountant? No way. Who shows up to the IRS, my laptop? Won’t work. Perhaps as a customer services interface, they can’t get any worse than what they are now!

4         Recommendations

My recommendations are simply:

1. Locations should be distant from any human locations and any areas that would cause negative impacts on natural plants and animals.

2. Power should be self-sourced and penalties for excess carbon emissions.

3. Water usage should be at a minimum.

4. Noise levels should be regulated.

5. Funds should be held in escrow in the case of abandonment so as to remedy potential toxic effects.

---

[1] https://www.publicpower.org/resource/americas-electricity-generating-capacity

 

Just War?

 The Bishop of Rome has been quoted as:

Asked whether there is a "just war" in Iran, he replied: "I believe this has already been made very clear: in Iran, the criteria for a just war are not present. The theory of the just war dates back to centuries when it was impossible to imagine the weapons and the destructive capacity available to humanity today." 

As we have noted previously, under the Catechetical Canons the current situation with Iran is a country who had repeatedly  stated "Death to America". who has developed and has putatively deployable nuclear weapons, who has demonstrated clear intent to kill those they consider enemies, as well as all other elements required for "Just War" elements. The Bishop has failed to demonstrate his understanding of a lack of concordance whereas we have presented them in detail.

Ockham would be having a field day with this.  

Hospital Food?

 Apparently our current HHS head has proposed "improvements" in hospital food. Now I have had a recent experience with hospital food when my knee surgery was done a year ago. My experience was simple, I ate none of it. None! It was inedible masses of mush and smelled worse than the most recent entry in the morgue. 

Worse, as I was leaving, I was accosted by a woman who apparently managed the food and she was one of the most abusive creatures I have ever met. The rest of the staff was superb!

The good news was I lost 5 pounds and needless to say had no "accidents".

I had a second experience four years ago, after a massive food poisoning episode. Apparently in this hospital you had to order your meals of you never got fed.  So after five days I just had water and lost ten pounds. No one ever questioned my fluid or caloric intake. In my opinion that was gross negligence.

Those who run food services in hospitals in my opinion and in my experience may be the cause of more fatalities than the diseases the patients are being treated for. Strangely enough physicians today, the "hospitalist", is unlikely to ever to examine what the patient has or has not consumed. This can in itself be a cause of fatality. 

The "Guidelines"  sound great for a cafeteria in some corporate environment. They are useless for a hospital one!

Try a Flying Buttress?

 

The latest sign of collapse of NYC is the pending collapse of the Pfizer building. One would think that any competent Civil Engineer would have checked to see if the added stress on the building supports would have resulted in a collapsing strain. I recall having these courses some sixty plus years ago building upon the Medieval Church structures and the flying buttresses. But clearly someone paid no attention and built another building on top of the old one. You cannot balance a Ford 150 atop a Campbell's tomato soup can. It will crunch!

Clearly the NYC building folks seem to be in my opinion as incompetent as the total administration. NYC is collapsing everywhere. Just look at Penn Station, the temporary sidewalk roofing, the empty lots filled with trash, and so on. The current Administration will most likely just accelerate this problem.

So what can be done? Possibly the following:

1.  Close the streets for a few years.

2. Build some flying buttresses to  stop the forward movement. The more it moves the faster it will collapse.

 3. Using automated high cranes, start to remove the floors added.

Or

Get the Department of War  to use one of their smart bombs...just kidding.

This is why?

 

The NY Times notes:

 Declines this fall also appear to be stacking on top of losses in Ph.D. student capacity from last year. The A.A.U.D.E. collected data for fall 2025 and found that, for the 42 schools that responded, new enrollments dropped by 11 percent from the previous year. Enrollments and admissions are not the same, but tend to be good proxies for each other in doctoral education. The central takeaway, A.A.U. officials said, is that the data shows two years of a “substantial reduction in the number of Ph.D. students being admitted and ultimately enrolled at major research universities.” Sally Kornbluth, the president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said in a message to the campus in May that, while Congress restored some agency cuts, the money was “not actually flowing to M.I.T. the way it typically has.” She said new federal research awards were down 20 percent and also cited the effects of a new tax on the school’s endowment.

In my opinion this is one reason why. Students must take Humanities courses such as (you must take 8 of these things!):  

 21W.764J Computational and Experimental Writing Workshop

21W.765J Interactive Narrative

21W.766 Writing Fantasy

21W.770 Advanced Fiction Workshop

21W.771 Advanced Poetry Workshop

21W.773 Writing Longer Fiction

21W.774J Playwriting Methods

21W.776J Screenwriting

21W.780J Writing the Full-Length Play

21W.786J Social Justice and The Documentary Film

21W.790J Short Attention Span Documentary

CMS.150J Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies

CMS.301 Game Design Methods

CMS.303J DJ History, Technique, and Technology

CMS.305J Rap Theory and Practice

CMS.306 Making Comics and Sequential Art

CMS.307 Critical Worldbuilding

CMS.308 The Visual Story: Graphic Novel, Type to Tablet

CMS.309J Transmedia Storytelling: Modern Science Fiction

CMS.335J Short Attention Span Documentary

CMS.336J Social Justice and The Documentary Film

CMS.338 Innovation in Documentary: Technologies and Techniques

CMS.339 Virtual Reality and Immersive Media Production

CMS.344 Spatial Sound: Culture, Theory, and Practice

CMS.352J Japanese Cinema

CMS.374J Transmedia Art, Extraction, and Environmental Justice

CMS.418J Gender in the Visual Arts

 

Plus MIT instituted and continues its DEI program with Commissars in each Department ensuring compliance (Think Hunt for Red October).  

So what do they do, blame Congress! Perhaps a mirror would help. For example who ever had put  the "toll booth" at all entrances really started the ball rolling.

 As a Note the 1961 MIT catalog stated:

The M.I.T. program in humanities and social sciences has several objectives. It seeks first to develop attitudes and skills basic to a life of effective thought , action, and appreciation as a responsible citizen and broadly educated human being. Secondly, it seeks to provide some understanding of man's experience at key points in his history and of the human problems which must be the concern of every civilized  man. Thirdly, it seeks to provide some sense of the intellectual discipline involved in a particular area in the humanities or social sciences, some cutting in depth in a field outside the student’s professional specialization. Finally, it seeks to develop skill in accurately and effectively communicating facts and ideas orally and in writing. Every candidate for a Bachelor's degree must take eight term subjects in the humanities and social sciences; normally these are distributed over the eight terms of his residence, one to each term. All  ndergraduates may take, if they choose, two additional humanities or social science subjects in place of two  professional electives. In his first two years each student takes a series of four subjects: INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMANITIES (21.01, 21.02) and MODERN WESTERN IDEAS AND VALUES (21.03, 21.04). Through intensive work with original texts he is given training in critical reading, a sampling of the liberal disciplines; notably history, philosophy, and literature and a foundation for more advanced study in these and related fields. Frequent written exercises, with criticism from his instructors in scheduled conferences, give him an opportunity to improve his writing ability.

Notice the drastic difference. It lacks focus, stresses "woke" elements, and most likely has faculty less appropriate for science and engineering.

Amazon is Collapsing

 Amazon has lost, delayed, or otherwise failed to deliver on 10-20% of my orders. Today they managed 100%. I wonder who the incompetent, in my opinion, is who managed this fiasco! Maybe they are spending too much time in useless Data Centers. Remember, if all else fails listen to the customer!

What are they talking about?

 

In a Science article the authors, some folks from a Southern Business School, opine on how R&D should be conducted. The recognize that research is now well established in the University, Venture funded entities are able to convert that research into services and products, and large corporations can often, but not always, industrialize these entities. The fail to note than many start ups continue to grow independent of a third party, but let that slide.

They then state:

 One lesson is clear: The American research university is the indispensable foundation for innovation. Industrial research in America arose partly because university research was underdeveloped, but over time, the two flourished together, reinforcing each other. It is not necessary to choose between universities, start-ups, and corporate laboratories. Instead, the institutions that connect them must be strengthened, and the scientific foundations that make those connections possible must be protected.

My question is simple: what are the institutions that connect them? I spent a few years after having done my own start ups and tried to go to the university and then commercialize them. Not a single success. The university research often lingers in the valley of death, where the researcher holds on to the idea but simultaneously wants to keep their academic position. That is a bad example of the wing-walkers rule, never let go of something until you have a firm hold of something else. The result may be half of you stays on the two aircraft. 

I wonder why these academics postulate some undefined solution. It appears they have no hands on experience. At the best, one may license a patent from an institution. However that can be a painful process, I also have done that. You often are still stuck with the researcher. The problem is that researchers live in silos. Thus they may have a great technology, but have no idea as to how to manufacture it. I would get a test tube worth but need tons!

This three step process is weak. Lots of great ideas and technology but getting it to a viable start up phase is complex. The worst I have ever seen was MIT starting its VC fund. A university should not be in the position of choosing winners and losers. Research is research. It is not product development. It lacks the ruthless hand of management. 

Happy 4th

 From NASA telescope. I shall be working in the field of lilies. 

Gross Incompetence?

 NJ Transit is in my opinion and my experience one of the most incompetently run entities in the world! Warped tracks, broken equipment, filthy train stations (NY Penn especially), nasty employees, failed management. The list could go on. In the NY Times they note:

New Jersey train passengers could be in for a rough ride. NJ Transit, the state’s rail service, announced a number of delays and cancellations because of the extreme heat, and warned that the problems could persist through Saturday. High temperatures can cause overhead electrical equipment to sag and tracks to expand, potentially leading to long delays. The agency also warned that air conditioning systems on aging trains and buses, many of which are overdue for replacement, could be spotty. On Thursday morning, a number of NJ Transit trains traveling along the Northeast Corridor, which connects busy stations in New Jersey to Penn Station in Manhattan, were canceled because of mechanical issues and lack of available equipment, according to the agency. And delays and cancellations were announced on other trains, including some on the Morris & Essex Line, Pascack Valley Line and Main/Bergen County Line.

 Perhaps these are Acts of God, to keep people from going into NYC! 

 

MDS: Whack a Mole?

 I went to an interesting conference on microplastics syndrome (MDS), at Columbia Medical School, and had an interesting insight.

Namely, take prostate cancer. There are two schools of thought. The first is, "how does it occur?". This is the gene, mutation, etc question, generally occurring inside the cell. One may also consider external factors such as inflammation, but ultimately it results inside the cell. For simplicity I call this the "WHY" school. There are many silos that are focused upon, many relate to genes, RNAs proteins etc.

The second school is call  the "EXTERNAL", which focuses on how to kill the malignant cell. Thus HER2+ uses ADC, antibody drug conjugates, to target the malignant cell and kill it with a drug. This school cares less as to why the malignant cell arose. This school tries to uniquely identify the enemy and attack it. Many immunotherapies are part of this school as well.

The WHY school looks at the internal elements and perhaps if they can identify a targetable one such as imatinib in CML. The recent work on JAK inhibitors fall in the scheme. 

The WHY school in MDS seems to be quite expansive. Each time an internal target is found another appears. This is the "whack a mole" syndrome. Which of these targets are best. In hematological cancers the EXTERNAL school may not be effective since it may just destroy a whole line of blood cells. 

It is interesting to see this yin and yang approach from inside and outside.  

Socialist Party Demands 1912

I thought it would be of interest to examine the Socialist Party demands in 1912:

Collective Ownership

1. The collective ownership and democratic management of railroads, wire and wireless telegraphs and telephones, express services, steamboat lines and all other social means of transportation and communication and of all large-scale industries.

2. The immediate acquirement by the municipalities, the states or the federal government of all grain elevators, stock yards, storage warehouses, and other distributing agencies, in order to reduce the present extortionate cost of living.

3. The extension of the public domain to include mines, quarries, oil wells, forests and water power.

4. The further conservation and development of natural resources for the use and benefit of all the people . . .

5. The collective ownership of land wherever practicable, and in cases where such ownership is impracticable, the appropriation by taxation of the annual rental value of all land held for speculation or exploitation.

6. The collective ownership and democratic management of the banking and currency system. 

The conservation of human resources, particularly of the lives and well-being of the workers and their families:

1. By shortening the workday in keeping with the increased productiveness of machinery.

2. By securing to every worker a rest period of not less than a day and a half in each week.

3. By securing a more effective inspection of workshops, factories and mines.

4. By forbidding the employment of children under sixteen years of age.

5. By the co-operative organization of the industries in the federal penitentiaries for the benefit of the convicts and their dependents.

6. By forbidding the interstate transportation of the products of child labor, of convict labor and of all uninspected factories and mines.

7. By abolishing the profit system in government work, and substituting either the direct hire of labor or the awarding of contracts to co-operative groups of workers.

8. By establishing minimum wage scales.

9. By abolishing official charity and substituting a non-contributory system of old-age pensions, a general system of insurance by the state of all its members against unemployment and invalidism and a system of compulsory insurance by employers of their workers, without cost to the latter, against in diseases, accidents and death.

Political Demands

1. The absolute freedom of press, speech and assemblage.

2. The adoption of a graduated income tax, the increase of the rates of the present corporation tax and the extension of inheritance taxes, graduated in proportion to the value of the estate and to nearness of kin—the proceeds of these taxes to be employed in the socialization of industry.

3. The abolition of the monopoly ownership of patents and the substitution of collective ownership, with direct rewards to inventors by premiums or royalties.

4. Unrestricted and equal suffrage for men and women.

5. The adoption of the initiative, referendum and recall and of proportional representation, nationally as well as locally.

6. The abolition of the Senate and of the veto power of the President.

7. The election of the President and the Vice-President by direct vote of the people.

8. The abolition of the power usurped by the Supreme Court of the United States to pass upon the constitutionality of the legislation enacted by Congress. National laws to be repealed only by act of Congress or by a referendum vote of the whole people.

9. The abolition of the present restrictions upon the amendment of the constitution, so that instrument may be made amendable by a majority of the voters in the country.

10. The granting of the right of suffrage in the District of Columbia with representation in Congress and a democratic form of municipal government for purely local affairs.

11. The extension of democratic government to all United States territory.

12. The enactment of further measures for general education and particularly for vocational education in useful pursuits. The Bureau of Education to be made a department.

13. The enactment of further measures for the conservation of health. The creation of an independent bureau of health, with such restrictions as will secure full liberty to all schools of practice.

14. The separation of the present Bureau of Labor from the Department of Commerce and Labor and its elevation to the rank of a department.

15. Abolition of all federal district courts and the United States Circuit Courts of Appeals. State courts to have jurisdiction in all cases arising between citizens of the several states and foreign corporations. The election of all judges for short terms.

16. The immediate curbing of the power of the courts to issue injunctions.

17. The free administration of the law.

18. The calling of a convention for the revision of the constitution of the United States

 Just think how we would be if these were enacted.  

BTW, my grandmothere was the Socialist Party candidates in 1916 and 1922 and imprisioned by Wilson in 1971 for petitioning for womens' rights. She died a Republican.

Catholic Pacifists

 In the early days of the Church the Christians (Catholics) were total pacifists. Martyrdom was thought to be an ultimate goal guaranteeing eternal salvation. It becam so extreme that martyrdom qua martyrdom was banned. It became a sort of suicide, facilitated by Rome.

Then in the second century as Christians multiplied, Rome needed troops, they had not yet convinced those they conquered to join in and thus Christians became Roman soldiers, and the view of total pacifism disappeared. The ultimate test was with Constantine, who made Christianity the religion of the land. It would be honorable for Christians to join in with Constantine and his defense of the Empire.

As tribes descended upon the Empire, defense and war was pandemic. As Rome collapsed, Christianity spread to the invaders. The Merovingians became Christian and from then until the French Revolution France was both Christian and war like. 

The construct of Just War was formalized by Aquinas, and even supported by Augustine. 

In today's world  where the United States has been attacked, threatened and overtly called out for total annihilation by nuclear weapons, defense of its population is a sine qua non.

Yet along come quasi first century Christians as in the NY Times. They note:

It isn’t every day that a pope calls for an overhaul of a more than 1,000-year-old teaching of the Catholic Church, but that’s exactly what Pope Leo XIV did last month. In his inaugural encyclical, “Magnifica Humanitas,” which was mainly an exploration of how to protect human dignity in the age of artificial intelligence, Leo devoted a brief but critical passage to just war theory. In a break with a foundational principle of Catholic thought on conflict, Leo called the theory “outdated” and made it clear that the teaching has been twisted to justify wars for decades, most recently the war in Iran. It is about time for the change. Just war theory holds that wars must meet strict conditions: They should be in self-defense, and only if alternatives have been exhausted; the use of force should be proportional; there should be a likelihood of success and the threat should be imminent. Since World War II at least, several popes have criticized world leaders for using the theory as a fig leaf. While Leo did not cite any specific war in the encyclical, he clearly had President Trump’s war on Iran in mind. On June 6, in remarks en route to Madrid for a visit, he was asked if a “just war” was being waged in Iran. The pontiff replied: “I believe this has already been made very clear: In Iran, the criteria for a just war are not present.” Leo wasn’t done. “The theory of the just war dates back to centuries when it was impossible to imagine the weapons and the destructive capacity available to humanity today,” he added.

 As I have noted earlier, Leo appears to have a massive dislike of the current President. He also, in my opinion, has a gross lack of understanding of Church policy in this area. Perhaps martyrdom in an arena, readily done in the threatening nation discussed, would be his moral solution. 

D Day

 

D Day, September 13th 2001. Two days after 9-11 I was staying in Normandy, out of Paris until the flights to North America resumed. I visited the Normandy beaches. Each year we remember Normandy, and we should equally remember Saipan, where my father and thousands of others attacked and stormed the beaches, allowing the annexing of Tinian, the airfield for B-29s and Hiroshima. 

Ave Imperator, morituri te salutant

The gladiators fought with their gladius, the mid sized sword used in the Roman legions. The gladius was often chipped from battle, made of a Roman steel blend, iron with a charcoal mix of carbon, then heated and sharpened.

I gather the White House has installed a Roman like gathering with brutal fighters. Gold fixtures, all we are missing is golden leaf crowns! 

Never Thought of This One

 Going to the moon and staying there has its hazards. But NASA presents a new one.

A mobile wastewater treatment system built at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida that can help prepare for long-duration missions on the Moon and Mars departed the spaceport and arrived at the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks. Graduate students at the university will test the technology under conditions designed to closely mimic the challenges of operating on another planetary surface. The Divergent Deployable Wastewater Treatment Facility is designed to turn crew wastewater into useful resources, which future explorers will need every day. At the University of North Dakota, teams will integrate this new wastewater system with the university’s Integrated Lunar/Martian Analog Habitat. Student operators and NASA researchers will study how the facility performs when connected to a habitat-like environment and exposed to the kinds of operational limits crews could face on another planet.

 Imagine human waste, with both human and other DNA, floating around the universe, landing on different planets, finding new homes, creating new aliens! 

Never thought of this in old days, just brought it back with you!